THE SILENT CRISIS: UNDERSTANDING DARJEELING'S NARCOTIC EPIDEMIC

Darjeeling is considered a mountain paradise, but a dark shadow creeps across it. Beyond the postcard vistas of toy trains winding through tea estates and its postcolonial reality, a narcotic epidemic is threatening the region. This crisis has seeped into households across all strata of society, leaving residents very worried. Young adults are particularly vulnerable, their struggles amplified by a community that stigmatizes addiction and marginalizes its victims. I wanted to get to the roots of this crisis. Firstly, one needs to understand addiction's complex nature– it is a chronic brain condition characterized by uncontrollable urges that overpower rational thought (Lembke, 2021). This article focuses on substance abuse, but addiction manifests in various forms like gambling, social media, pornography, shopping, and work (Young, 2018). The escalating crisis in Darjeeling calls for an urgent holistic intervention. But only by understanding the genesis of this epidemic can we create impactful and sustainable solutions that will protect its people from addiction's tightening grip.

At present, drug addiction has transformed from a rare occurrence to a significant social and health crisis in Darjeeling

While various forms of addiction can be devastating, drug addiction has emerged as the foremost crisis in Darjeeling. The surge in substance abuse stems from several interconnected factors:

Geography: Darjeeling's rugged terrain and proximity to international borders make it vulnerable to drug trafficking (Lama and Sarkar, 1986).  Remote areas provide cover for illicit activities and challenge effective law enforcement (Schendel, 2005). The dispersed population across mountainous settlements complicates community policing and response to illegal activities (Windel, 2013). While these geographical factors don't directly cause drug trafficking, they create exploitable conditions.

Economy: Limited economic opportunities and unemployment cause an increase in substance abuse (Lama and Patel, 2022). Inadequate industrial development engenders hopelessness among youth facing fewer job prospects. While tourism provides some income, visible economic disparities can lead to frustration among those who don't benefit, potentially increasing vulnerability to drug use (Wilson, 1996).

Limited economic opportunities and unemployment cause an increase in substance abuse (Lama and Patel, 2022)... The economic benefits of tourism are often concentrated among a few stakeholders, leaving systemic issues of youth unemployment and social fragmentation unaddressed (Mathur, 2018)

Tourism Dichotomy: While tourism brings revenue and employment through accommodation, local attractions, restaurants, and travel services, it also has negative consequences. The current seasonal tourism model rarely invests in comprehensive community development and sustainability. The economic benefits are often concentrated among a few stakeholders, leaving systemic issues of youth unemployment and social fragmentation unaddressed (Mathur, 2018). This contributes to substance abuse among youth through increased exposure to economic disparities alongside values and influences different from our traditional Eastern values (Majumdar, 2023).

Many families show patterns of generational alcoholism, where trauma perpetuates across generations as young people internalize witnessed behaviours as normal (Maté, 2008)

Alcoholism and Generational Trauma: In Darjeeling, alcohol consumption is interwoven into the social and cultural fabric, featuring in celebrations, rituals, and worship. This normalization exposes younger generations to alcohol early, increasing addiction risk ( Benoit and Blais, 2020). Many families show patterns of generational alcoholism, where trauma perpetuates across generations as young people internalize witnessed behaviours as normal (Maté, 2008).

Communities often view addiction as a moral failing rather than a health issue (Maté, 2008). Limited knowledge about treatment options coupled with stigmatization leads to social ostracism and reluctance to seek help (Maté, 2008)

Lack of Awareness and Healthcare: Despite some recognition of drug addiction, understanding remains inadequate. Communities often view addiction as a moral failing rather than a health issue (Maté, 2008). Limited knowledge about treatment options coupled with stigmatization leads to social ostracism and reluctance to seek help (Maté, 2008). Healthcare facilities, particularly specialized addiction treatment centres are insufficient. Article 47 of India's Constitution mandates state responsibility for public health and drug prohibition, yet Darjeeling's medical, healthcare, and rehabilitation facilities remain inadequate (Bazroy, S. et al, 2020). West Bengal has only one ‘Oral Substitution Therapy Centre’ in each sub-division, operating only 2-3 days a week. A 2018 study by the National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC) at AIIMS highlighted that West Bengal has one of the lowest per capita investments in specialized addiction treatment facilities in India. Until recently, the ‘Kripa Foundation’ (established in 1986) was Darjeeling District's sole rehabilitation facility. Despite some growth in private facilities in Siliguri, services remain insufficient for a growing problem.

A 2018 study by the National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC) at AIIMS highlighted that West Bengal has one of the lowest per capita investments in specialized addiction treatment facilities in India. Until recently, the ‘Kripa Foundation’ (established in 1986) was Darjeeling District's sole rehabilitation facility. Despite some growth in private facilities in Siliguri, services remain insufficient for a growing problem

Inefficient Law Enforcement and the lure of Quick Money: Drug peddling attracts unemployed youth seeking fast money. Inadequate law enforcement and corruption create a sense of impunity among traffickers (Lama and Khawas, 2009).  Furthermore, the alliance between drug traders and corrupt law enforcers minimizes prosecution fears, encouraging more youth to join the trade (Chatterjee, 2004).  This perpetuates a cycle of trafficking and substance abuse that damages communities and future generations.

Furthermore, the alliance between drug traders and corrupt law enforcers minimizes prosecution fears, encouraging more youth to join the trade (Chatterjee, 2004).  This perpetuates a cycle of trafficking and substance abuse that damages communities and future generations

The demand for Gorkhaland was not merely a territorial claim but a profound articulation of collective identity and a desperate attempt to reclaim economic and cultural autonomy from what was perceived as exploitative Bengali-dominated administrative structures. Rising unemployment and economic hardship during and after the agitation pushed youth toward substance abuse as a coping mechanism (Bhattacharya, 2008)

The Gorkhaland Agitation of 1986 and subsequent movements: The movement emerged as a complex narrative of identity, marginalization, and economic dispossession rooted in the colonial legacy of Darjeeling. Historically, the region, originally a part of Sikkim and later annexed by the British in 1835, became a contested space of ethnic and economic identity. The Nepali-speaking Gorkha community, despite being the numerical majority, experienced systemic political and economic exclusion. According to scholars like Benoy Rai and Madan Tamang, the movement responded to decades of structural marginalization, where the community felt alienated from political representation and economic opportunities. The tea plantations, while economically significant operated under a quasi-feudal system that perpetuated economic vulnerability. This marginalization created a persistent economic precarity, with limited industrial development, high unemployment rates, and minimal social mobility. The demand for Gorkhaland was not merely a territorial claim but a profound articulation of collective identity and a desperate attempt to reclaim economic and cultural autonomy from what was perceived as exploitative Bengali-dominated administrative structures. Rising unemployment and economic hardship during and after the agitation pushed youth toward substance abuse as a coping mechanism (Bhattacharya, 2008). The agitation's psychological impact left deep scars, contributing to increased substance abuse as an escape from difficult realities.

Social stigma and family honour concerns often lead one to hide addiction problems, allowing them to worsen (Maté, 2008). Additionally, geographic isolation, limited infrastructure, and economic issues limit access to treatment and prevention services. At present, drug addiction has transformed from a rare occurrence to a significant social and health crisis in Darjeeling. This complex problem requires a comprehensive approach addressing both socio-political and economic challenges. Understanding these interconnected factors is crucial for developing effective solutions to combat drug addiction in Darjeeling.

Voices of Recovery: A Conversation with Dhiraj Pradhan

His journey from addiction to rehabilitation is powerfully realized through 'Utthan' - a rehabilitation center he founded in Salbari, Siliguri

Mr. Dhiraj Pradhan, in his early 40s, is an impressive embodiment of recovery and community transformation. With two decades of sobriety, he has emerged from personal struggles to become a beacon of hope for individuals battling substance abuse in the Darjeeling hills. His journey from addiction to rehabilitation is powerfully realized through 'Utthan' - a rehabilitation center he founded in Salbari, Siliguri. His narrative provides a raw, unfiltered look into addiction's complexity and the journey to recovery.

• What were the early psychological and environmental factors that predisposed you to addiction?                                                                                                            

Dhiraj: My predisposition to addiction stemmed from early childhood familial dysfunction. My parents' separation created a nurturing void leading to a fearful and insecure personality. Without dependable parental figures, I couldn't develop proper self-worth. The crucial concepts of being "good enough" and worthy were missing during my formative years, leading to internalized inadequacy and low self-esteem.

• How did these early experiences manifest in your interactions with the broader social environment?

Dhiraj: Engaging with the world beyond family revealed my inadequate coping mechanisms. My timidity, especially during physical confrontations, set me apart from more assertive peers. I struggled with complex social dynamics and cultural norms. Observing peers with material comforts I lacked, heightened my sense of deprivation.

• Can you describe the initial stages of your gravitation towards addictive behaviours?

Dhiraj: My progression toward addiction began as a maladaptive survival response to discomfort and social alienation. I was drawn to individuals who possessed traits I lacked – courage and dominance. This led me to associate with academically underachieving and disruptive peers. Despite wanting academic success, pain and the need for social belonging overpowered my judgment.

My progression toward addiction began as a maladaptive survival response to discomfort and social alienation...Despite wanting academic success, pain and the need for social belonging overpowered my judgment

• How did your early experiences with substance use evolve?

Dhiraj: Before drugs, I began acting outside social norms. Despite initial aversion, I started consuming tobacco and cigarettes, which became a means of differentiation and perceived courage. These experiences laid the groundwork for serious substance abuse, including marijuana. Initially, I saw these activities as rebellion and self-assertion rather than negative behaviours.

• What was the turning point that led to more severe substance abuse?

Dhiraj: The pivotal moment came with prescription pills, specifically a muscle relaxant. The immediate psychological state alteration after consumption created a powerful association. The sudden relief from fears, inhibitions, and insecurities felt transformative; initiating a pattern of seeking mood alteration as a primary coping mechanism.

• How did your relationship with substances evolve?

Dhiraj: As my substance use continued, I became accustomed to their power to manipulate emotions. The initial lack of negative consequences reinforced this behaviour. The deeper I sank into hard drugs, the outside world became hostile, while drug-induced states became a haven. Drug use eventually became my existence's central focus.

My addiction devastated every life aspect – work, relationships, and family. My mother suffered greatly. Despite everything crumbling, quitting never crossed my mind. I refused to blame drugs, instead accusing everyone and everything else for my suffering

• How did your addiction impact your daily life and behaviour?

Dhiraj: Addiction fundamentally altered my existence. My focus shifted entirely to procuring and using drugs. The only comfort came from altered drug-induced reality. This singular pursuit led to moral compromise and criminal behaviour – deception, theft, violence, and drug peddling. Addiction was “cunning, baffling, and powerful”.

• At what point did you realize that your drug use was affecting those around you?

Dhiraj: My addiction devastated every life aspect – work, relationships, and family. My mother suffered greatly. Despite everything crumbling, quitting never crossed my mind. I refused to blame drugs, instead accusing everyone and everything else for my suffering.

• Was there a turning point where you thought about seeking help?

Dhiraj: I didn't consciously decide to quit. Under drug’s influence, I had delusions of grandeur. But one incident jolted me, I attempted to steal a friend's new Nokia phone in Siliguri to fund my addiction. When caught, I fled towards Darjeeling. En route, I met a former schoolmate-turned-soldier forcing me to confront how far I had fallen.

• How did you cope with hitting rock bottom and how did your recovery journey begin?

Dhiraj: In Darjeeling, knowing that Father Kinley Tshering, my former headmaster from Kurseong’s St. Alphonsus School was at St. Joseph's School, I visited him – seeking money. Instead, he offered help for my addiction. Though not entirely sincere, I agreed. His simple act of writing a note directing me to the ‘Kripa Foundation’ became my life's turning point. I realised that pivotal moments of change can arise unexpectedly, even when one's intentions aren't aligned with recovery.

Father Kinley's simple act of writing a note directing me to the Kripa Foundation became my life's turning point. I realised that pivotal moments of change can arise unexpectedly, even when one's intentions aren't aligned with recovery

During my conversation with Dhiraj, we also discussed the broader impact of addiction on youth in Darjeeling. His perspective as a rehabilitation center operator offered unique insights into regional substance abuse patterns.

• What do you believe is the primary attitude contributing to drug addiction growth in Darjeeling?

Dhiraj: We're seeing a troubling trend of trivializing recreational marijuana use, especially among younger people. This casual attitude is a major factor driving addiction growth. Many locals view marijuana smoking as harmless, equating it with traditional practices or arguing it's safer than alcohol. What begins as occasional marijuana use often becomes a gateway to severe substance abuse. As users build tolerance and seek stronger highs, some transition to more dangerous substances.

We're seeing a troubling trend of trivializing recreational marijuana use, especially among younger people...What begins as occasional marijuana use often becomes a gateway to severe substance abuse. As users build tolerance and seek stronger highs, some transition to more dangerous substances

• Are there any local factors that exacerbate this problem?

Dhiraj: Our proximity to drug trafficking routes, sharing borders with Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan, makes progression from marijuana to dangerous substances easier. The fundamental challenge is the widespread underestimation of marijuana as a gateway drug. This misconception hinders effective addressing of substance abuse in our region.

• What changes have you observed in drug abuse and rehabilitation-seeking patterns among youth over the past five years?

Dhiraj: Following UNODC's 2018 survey findings, we've noticed more youths aged 16-25 turning to marijuana, prescription pills/opioids, benzodiazepines, and heroin. While drug addiction existed before, only the worst cases opted for treatment. People at rock-bottom, severely emaciated, or with multiple co-morbidities like hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS sought rehab. Now, as people witness rehabilitation's effectiveness, more individuals especially younger ones seek help.

• How has the perception of rehabilitation changed recently?

Dhiraj: Public perception of rehabilitation efficacy has evolved significantly. Previously viewed as a last resort, rehabilitation is now sought at earlier addiction stages as evidence supporting treatment effectiveness grows. This shift has increased the number of recovering addicts.

Previously viewed as a last resort, rehabilitation is now sought at earlier addiction stages as evidence supporting treatment effectiveness grows

• Can you elaborate on success rates and support groups' role in recovery?

Dhiraj: Despite high relapse rates, characteristic of addiction as a chronic disease, we're seeing encouraging results. Even 10-20% sustained sobriety is substantial. Those maintaining sobriety often help others through ‘Narcotics Anonymous’ and ‘Alcoholics Anonymous’. This peer support system alongside increased internet access has fostered greater awareness about rehabilitation resources.

• What challenges do you face regarding societal understanding of rehabilitation?

Dhiraj: Many misunderstand rehab centers' purpose, viewing them as punishment facilities rather than medical treatment centers for a complex illness. Some parents mistakenly see rehab as punitive centers for troublesome behavior correction. These misconceptions undermine rehabilitation's capabilities.

Many misunderstand rehab centers' purpose, viewing them as punishment facilities rather than medical treatment centers for a complex illness...We advocate for Whole Person Recovery (WPR), recognizing substance abuse as symptomatic of deeper issues stemming from childhood experiences or trauma. Effective treatment must address not only drug cessation but also mental, spiritual, and emotional health improvement

• What approach do you advocate for effective addiction treatment?

Dhiraj: We advocate for Whole Person Recovery (WPR), recognizing substance abuse as symptomatic of deeper issues stemming from childhood experiences or trauma. Effective treatment must address not only drug cessation but also mental, spiritual, and emotional health improvement.

Families are crucial in addiction recovery. As Dr. Gabor Mate notes, “Alcoholism is a family disease; all addictions are and therefore the whole family needs healing”

• What role should families play in rehabilitation?

Dhiraj: Families are crucial in addiction recovery. As Dr. Gabor Mate notes, “Alcoholism is a family disease; all addictions are and therefore the whole family needs healing”. Their participation and willingness to address their behaviours are vital for creating a supportive recovery environment. Education about addiction's nature and realistic rehabilitation expectations is essential.

As our conversation concluded, Dhiraj highlighted two particularly troubling aspects of addiction in our community:

These adulterated drugs create a lethal landscape of increased toxicity, unpredictable health risks, and heightened overdose potential, reflecting the community's most vulnerable economic margins

a. Drug Adulteration and Community Impact: The economic desperation of addiction manifests through widespread drug adulteration, with users consuming dangerous 'cut versions' mixed with substances like 'brown sugar'. These adulterated drugs create a lethal landscape of increased toxicity, unpredictable health risks, and heightened overdose potential, reflecting the community's most vulnerable economic margins.

Women battling substance use face uniquely oppressive social dynamics, experiencing profound stigma that far exceeds male addiction experiences

b. Women and Substance Abuse: Forced into silence by harsh societal judgment, many women hide their struggles, inadvertently intensifying their addiction cycle. However, emerging support structures in Siliguri, specialized rehabilitation centers and targeted counseling services offer hope to overcome these entrenched barriers.

Rehabilitation centers reveal the complex correlation relationship between substance abuse and mental health disorders... This emerging understanding demands integrated treatment approaches that simultaneously address both addiction and underlying mental health challenges

Rehabilitation centers reveal the complex correlation relationship between substance abuse and mental health disorders. Patients predominantly exhibit co-occurring conditions like depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety, with substance use often functioning as a desperate psychological coping mechanism. This emerging understanding demands integrated treatment approaches that simultaneously address both addiction and underlying mental health challenges.

Conclusion

The drug addiction crisis in Darjeeling is a multifaceted challenge that has deeply impacted the lives of countless individuals and families.Through my research and fieldwork, I have encountered stories of pain, loss, and struggle, yet also of resilience and hope

The drug addiction crisis in Darjeeling is a multifaceted challenge that has deeply impacted the lives of countless individuals and families. Through my research and fieldwork, I have encountered stories of pain, loss, and struggle, yet also of resilience and hope. The voices of mothers, fathers, and community members resonate with the urgent need for change. The fight against narcotics in this region requires a holistic approach, blending enforcement with compassion. Economic development, cultural preservation, and youth empowerment must go hand in hand with better healthcare access particularly for mental health, to create sustainable solutions.

A while back, sitting at a small teashop in my hometown Kurseong, sipping on a steaming cup of our local tea, I couldn’t help but overhear a conversation at the next table. A mother, her voice trembling, spoke of her son's struggle with addiction. Her story is heart-breaking, yet familiar in our part of the world. The tale of Darjeeling’s battle against narcotics is still being written. It is a story of struggle, but there is an assurance of “light at the end of the tunnel”. As awareness grows and more people join the fight, there is a chance to turn the tide. The beauty of our hills lies not just in the landscapes but in the spirit of the people, which holds the key to overcoming the narcotic crisis. With continued efforts and unwavering determination, Darjeeling can shine again as a jewel of the Eastern Himalayas - this time as a beacon of hope and recovery.​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

The fight against narcotics in this region requires a holistic approach, blending enforcement with compassion. Economic development, cultural preservation, and youth empowerment must go hand in hand with better healthcare access particularly for mental health, to create sustainable solutions

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